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Endocrinology & Reproduction-MCQs

ENDOCRINOLOGY&REPRODUCTION(MCQs From 141-175)

141. Growth hormone causes

A) – ve nitrogen balance

B) + ve nitrogen balance

C) ↑ urinary urea concentration

D) No effects on protein metabolism

Ans: B

Explanation: GH produces anabolic effects on Skeletal& Cardiac muscle and stimulates protein synthesis.↓ es the circulating levels of amino acids & urea. Urinary urea concentration is also ↓.

142. On carbohydrate metabolism GH causes

A) Insulin effect

B) Anti Insulin effect

C) Hypoglycemia

D) Anti diabetogenic effect

Ans: B

GH is a diabetogenic hormone because of its anti insulin effect.

143. Absence of menstruation during postpartum lactation in women is due to

A) High serum levels of prolactin

B) Low serum levels of prolactin

C) ↑ LH secretion

D) ↑ GnRH

Ans: A

Explanation: High serum prolactin is associated with ↓LH secretion & absence of ovulation and absence of menstruation.

144. Which of the following regarding Laron dwarfism is correct?

A) Tissues fail to respond normally to Growth hormone [GH]

B) ↓ blood levels of GH

C) ↑ Somatomedins

D) ↑ thickening of bones

Ans: A

Explanation; African pygmies are example s for Laron dwarf.

145. Inhibition of Hypothalamus by a target-gland hormone is called

A) Short loop –ve feed back.

B) Short loop +ve feed back.

C) Long loop –ve feed back.

D) + ve long loop feed back

Ans: C

146. Inhibition of Anterior pituitary by a target-gland hormone is called

A) Short loop –ve feed back.

B) Short loop +ve feed back.

C) Long loop –ve feed back.

D) + ve long loop feed back

Ans: C

147. Inhibition of hypothalamus by an anterior pituitary hormone is

A) A) Short loop –ve feed back.

B) Short loop +ve feed back.

C) Long loop –ve feed back.

D) + ve long loop feed back

Ans:A

148. Adrenal medulla

A) Is a specialised sympathetic ganglion

B) Is called a neuro endocrine transducer

C) Consists of pheochromocytes

D) All of the above

Ans: D

Explanation: Neuro endocrine transducer because a neural signal to this organ causes hormone secretion.

149. Which of the following actions regarding Epinephrine is correct?

A) Stimulates gluconeogenesis& inhibits glucose utilization

B) ↑ insulin secretion

C) ↑ lipogenesis

D) Inhibits ACTH secretion

Ans: A

150. Normal excretion of 17-ketosteroids in women is

A) 10-20 mg/day

B) 5-14 mg/day

C) 20-30 mg/day

D) 30-40 mg/day

Ans: B

Explanation: for males 8-20 mg/day

151. The important exception to overall protein catabolic effect of cortisol is

A) Protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle

B) Protein synthesis in the bone matrix

C) Protein synthesis in the liver

D) Protein synthesis in the cardiac muscle

Ans: C

Explanation: cortisol causes proteolysis in skeletal muscle which results in –ve nitrogen balance. The amino acids taken up by the liver are used not only to form glucose or glycogen but also to synthesize protein.

152. Increased vagal activity to β cells of Islets of langerhans of pancreas

A) Stimulates Insulin secretion only during starvation

B) Stimulates Insulin secretion only during periods of elevated blood sugar.

C) Inhibits Insulin secretion only during starvation

D) Inhibits Insulin secretion only during elevated blood sugar.

Ans: B

153. Glucose transporter for Insulin-dependent facilitated diffusion in the cardiac muscle is

A) GLUT-4

B) GLUT-3

C) GLUT-2

D) GLUT-1

Ans: A

Explanation: GLUT-4 is found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle & adipose tissue.

154. The highest lipoprotein lipase activity is present in

A) Lung

B) Heart

C) Skeletal muscle

D) Brain

Ans: B

Explanation: lipoprotein lipase is distributed in adipose tissue, lung, skeletal muscle, aorta, corpus luteum, brain, mammary gland and placenta.

155. Glucagon causes

A) Hyperglycemia, lipogenesis

B) Hypoglycemia, lipogenesis

C) Hyperglycemia, Lipolysis, Proteolysis

D) Hypoglycemia, proteolysis

Ans: C

156. Normal plasma level of glycatedHb [HbA1c] is

A)  ≤ 7%

B)  ≥ 7%

C)  < 17%

D)  > 17%

Ans: A

157. Calcitonin is secreted by

A) Para follicular cells of parathyroid gland

B) Para follicular cells of thyroid gland

C) δ cells of islets of langerhans

D)  F-cells of islets of langerhans

Ans: B

158. Normal BMR for adult male is

A) 35-40 Kcal /m² body surface/hr

B) 50-65 Kcal /m² body surface/hr

C) 60-65 Kcal /m² body surface/hr

D) 10-20Kcal /m² body surface/hr

Ans: A

Explanation: In euthyroid females BMR is 6-10% lower.

159. Which of the following effects regarding thyroid hormone is true?

A) Lipogenic effect is greater than lipolytic effect

B) Lipolytic effect is greater than Lipogenic effect

C) No Lipolytic effect

D) No Lipogenic effect

Ans: B

Explanation: Thyroid hormone ↑ fat synthesis, mobilization and utilization. Overall, lipolytic effect is greater than lipogenic effect.

160. Normal plasma concentration of Ca⁺⁺ is

A) 2.5 mmol/L

B) 5 mmol/L

C) 10 mmol/L

D) 15mmol/L

Ans: A

Explanation: 10 mg/dl [or] 2.5 mmol/L[or] 5mEq/L

161. The major stimulus for PTH secretion is

A) ↓ Ca⁺⁺ & ↑ Phosphate

B) ↑ Ca⁺⁺ & ↓ Phosphate

C) ↑ Ca⁺⁺

D) ↓ Phosphate

Ans: A

162. VitD3

A) Promotes phosphate Reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule

B) Promotes Ca⁺⁺ Reabsorption in the renal distal tubule

C) Both A&B

D) Has no effect on renal tubules

Ans: C

163. Calcitonin

A) ↑ Ca⁺⁺& phosphorous Reabsorption in the renal tubule

B) ↑urinary excretion of Ca⁺⁺ & Phosphorous

C) ↑ Ca⁺⁺ Reabsorption

D) ↑ phosphorous Reabsorption

Ans: B

164. Wolffian duct differentiates into

A) Fallopian tube, uterus, upper vagina

B) Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

C) Labia minora

D) Clitoris

Ans: B

165. Mullerian duct differentiates into

A) Fallopian tube, uterus, upper vagina

B) Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

C) Scrotum

D) Glans penis

Ans: A

166. Each spermatogonium develops

A) 16 spermatozoa

B) 24 spermatozoa

C)  64 spermatozoa

D) 122 spermatozoa

Ans: C

167. Unilateral orchidectomy [right] in a 5 week old, 46XY fetus will leads to

A) Cryptorchidism of left testes

B) Mullerian duct fails to regress on right side

C) Failure of Wolffian duct differentiation on both sides

D) Sterility in adult

Ans: B

Explanation: AMH-anti mullerian hormone is produced at around weeks of gestation by sertoli cells& causes regression of mullerian ducts and subsequent development of uterus, fallopian tube & upper vagina.The mechanism of action of AMH is paracrine on the ipsilateral side, so mullerian duct remains on right side.

169. 2^nd polar body is formed

A) Just prior to ovulation

B) When a mature ovum is fertilized by a sperm

C) After the period of ovulation

D) During spermatogenesis

Ans: B

170. Pacemaker for the body’s circadian rhythm is in the

A) Anterior pituitary

B) SCN-Supra chiasmatic nucleus

C) Posterior pituitary

D) Preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

Ans: B

171. LH surge is an example of

A)  –ve feedback

B)  +ve feedback

C) Delayed feedback

D) Circadian rhythm

Ans: B

172. Melatonin secretion by the pineal gland

A) ↑ during exposure to light

B) ↑ during exposure to dark

C) ↓ during exposure to dark

D) Is not related to light-dark

Ans: B

Explanation: Exposure to light inhibits the pathway responsible for melatonin secretion. Special photoreceptors in the retina receive the light signals & transmit directly to SCN.

173. Pineal gland has

A)  Well developed blood-brain –barrier

B)  Moderately developed blood-brain –barrier

C)  Poorly developed blood-brain –barrier

D) No blood-brain-barrier

Ans: C

174. Metabolic syndrome X is also known as

A) Juvenile Diabetes

B) Reaven’s syndrome

C) Conn’s syndrome

D) Cushing’s syndrome

Ans: B

175. Aromatase converts

A) Testosterone to estradiol

B) Androstenedione to estrone

C) A& B are correct

D) Pregnenolone to progesterone

Ans: C

Tips to overcome covid-19 related stress

Tips to overcome covid19 related stress

Hi all,

Hope you are keeping safe and well. Now during this pandemic, it becomes more important to maintain  mental health to reduce stress. Negative thoughts and worries are not going to solve our problems. Here are some ways to overcome stress

·         Exercise: now it is a big task, because Gyms are closed, walking outside is not often possible. But exercising at home, even cleaning the house is a form of exercise .physical activity enhances the release of endorphins which keeps stress away without negative thoughts.

·         Eat healthy nutritious food.

·         Get enough sleep and rest.

·         Help others.

·         Limit exposure to news media –stay informed but avoid obsessive checking.

·         Practice meditation, read a good book, play indoor games, watch movies, make something :new recipe, painting ,craft etc.

·         Follow all the precautions from health authorities-like washing hands frequently [20 sec] with soap and water or a hand sanitizer [contains 70% alcohol], avoid touching your face [nose, eyes and mouth], avoid crowds, stay home, use masks,and keep 6 feet social distance.

                                Good luck and best wishes.

Assignment for post graduates M.D(physiology)

Assignment related to symposium conducted on 20/09/2019 and 21/09/20019 (regulation of appetite, thermo

regulation and calcium homeostasis) for post graduates M.D (Physiology).

1. How does hypothalamus senses energy storage?

2. What are the effects of drinking carbonated drinks on calcium?

3. Factors regulating Adipose tissue blood flow:

4. What is pump leak transport control of cytosolic calcium?

Reasoning out:

5. Body fat is an endocrine organ.

6. In alkalosis neuromuscular excitability is increased.

7. Intracellular calcium is approximately 1/1000^th of ECF calcium.

CME PROGRAMME & EXERCISE WORKOUT FOR PATIENTS

Renal system-Physiology MCQs

RENAL SYSTEM

1. Vasa recta is formed by

A) The cortical nephron’s peritubular capillaries

B) The juxta medullary nephron’s peritubular capillaries

C) The distal tubule

D) The proximal tubule

Ans: B

2. How many % of nephrons in humans are cortical nephrons?

A) 20%

B) 30%

C) 50%

D) 80%

Ans: 80%

3. Counter current mechanism takes place in

A) Cortical nephrons

B) Renal pelvis

C) Juxta medulary nephrons

D) None of the above

Ans: C

4. Which of the following parts of tubular segment is always impermeable to water?

A) Descending limb of loop of henle

B) Ascending limb of loop of henle

C) Collecting duct

D) Proximal convoluted tubule

Ans: B

5. Which of the following substances is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and actively secreted in the distal & collecting tubule?

A) Na⁺

B) H⁺

C)K⁺

D) Glucose

Ans: C

6. If ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water, what would be the minimum/maximum urine Osmolarity the person could produce?

A) 300/1200

B) 1200/1200

C) 300/300

D) 100/100

Ans: C

7. Bowman’s capsule colloidal osmotic pressure is

A) 32

B) 60

C) 18

D) 0

Ans: D

8. The normal glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure is

A) 32

B) 60

C) 18

D) 0

Ans: A

9. Glomerular capillary pressure is

A) 32

B) 60

C) 18

D) 0

Ans: B

Explanation: Compared with other capillaries [17 mmHg], the glomerular pressure is very high [60 mmHg] and favours filtration.

10. Renal vascular resistance resides mainly in

A) Renal A & Glomerular capillaries

B) Interlobar, Afferent & Efferent arterioles

C) Glomerular capillaries & Renal vein

D) Renal A & Arcuate Vein

Ans: B

Explanation: Increase in resistance decreases RBF, whereas ↓ in resistance ↑ RBF.

11. Which of the following substances causes ↑ GFR?

A) Epinephrine

B) AngiotensinII

C) Prostaglandins

D) Norepinephrine

Ans: C

12. The flat segment in the graph of the cystometrogram is a manifestation of

A)  Fick’s law

B) Boyel’s law

C) Law of Laplace

D) Ohm’s law

Ans: C

13. In the presence of ADH, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the

A) Cortical collecting duct

B) Distal tubule

C)Henle’s loop

D) Proximal tubule

Ans: D

14. The major site of renal gluconeogenesis is

A) Proximal tubule

B) Loop of Henle

C) Distal tubule

D) Collecting tubule

Ans: A

Explanation: Renal gluconeogenesis occurs only in unusual circumstances like prolonged starvation& chronic respiratory acidosis.

15. Renal O2 consumption is approximately

A) 6ml/100 g tissue/mt

B) 20ml/100 g tissue/mt

C) 25ml/100 g tissue/mt

D) 30ml/100 g tissue/mt

Ans: A

16. Darrow-Yannet diagram

A) Represents counter-current mechanism

B) Represents cystometrogram

C) Simplify the clinical analysis of fluid balance

D) Represents auto regulation of blood flow

Ans: C

17. Afferent arteriole constriction

A) ↓ both RPF&GFR

B) ↑ both RPF&GFR

C) ↓RPF&↑GFR

D) ↑RPF&↓GFR

Ans: A

18. Afferent arteriole dilatation

A) ↓ both RPF&GFR

B) ↑ both RPF&GFR

C) ↓RPF&↑GFR

D) ↑RPF&↓GFR

Ans: B

19. Constriction of Efferent arteriole

A) ↓ both RPF&GFR

B) ↑ both RPF&GFR

C) ↓RPF&↑GFR

D) ↑RPF&↓GFR

Ans: C

20. Dilatation of Efferent arteriole

A) ↓ both RPF&GFR

B) ↑ both RPF&GFR

C) ↓RPF&↑GFR

D) ↑RPF&↓GFR

Ans: D

21. Juxta glomerular cells are

A) Baroreceptors

B) Chemoreceptors

C)Telereceptors

D) Light receptors

Ans: A

22. Macula densa cells are

A) Baroreceptors

B) Chemoreceptors

C) Telereceptors

D) Light receptors

Ans: B

23. Fluid in the early distal tubular segment is

A) Iso tonic

B) Hypo osmotic

C) Hyper osmotic

D) Regardless of whether ADH is present or not

Ans: B

24. Obligatory urine volume is

A) 0.5 L/day

B) 1L/day

C) 1.5L/day

D) 50 ml/day

Ans: A

25. The active pump in the thick ascending limb on the loop of Henle establishes the following concentration gradient between tubular fluid and interstitial fluid.

A) 500 mOsm/L

B) 400 mOsm/L

C) 300 mOsm/L

D) 200 mOsm/L

Ans: D

26. Urea transporter UT-A1 is activated by

A) ADH

B) AngiotensinII

C) ↑ blood volume

D) ↑ blood pressure

Ans: A

27. Plasma Osmolarity can be approximately calculated as

A) 2.1 ×plasma Na⁺ conc.

B) 2.1 ×plasma K⁺ conc.

C) 2.1 ×plasma Cl ⁻conc.

D) 2.1 ×plasma Hco3⁻ conc.

Ans: A

28. The most important Extracellular buffer is

A) Protein

B) Hco3⁻

C) Phosphate

D) Ammonia

Ans: B

29. Total acid production in the body is derived from

A) Oxidative metabolism

B) Protein catabolism

C) Triglyceride catabolism

D) Lipoprotein metabolism

Ans: A

Explanation: The greatest source of H⁺ is the CO2 produced during oxidative metabolism. About 13,000 mmol of Co2 daily or 13,000 mEq of H /day

30. The major fraction of 80% of the total Co2 in the bone is in the form of

A) Carbonic acid

B) Bicarbonate

C) Carbonate

D) Hb

Ans: C

Explanation: about 2/3 rds of total Co2 is in the form of carbonates combined with Na, Ca & other cations in bone crystals. The remaining 1/3 rd consists of Hco3.The total bone carbonate is 50 times the amount of Hco3 found in the ICF & ECF together.

31. H⁺ secretion in the proximal tubule occurs primarily by

A) Primary active transport

B) Secondary active transport

C) Facilitated diffusion

D) Simple diffusion

Ans: B

32. H⁺ secretion in the late distal tubule occurs by

A) Primary active transport

B) Secondary active transport

C) Facilitated diffusion

D) Simple diffusion

Ans: A

33. Which of the following would be expected to cause ↑H secretion & Hco3 Reabsorption?

A) ↓ AngiotensinII

B) ↑ ECF volume

C) ↓ Aldosterone

D) ↑ Pco2

Ans: D

34. In the renal regulation of acid base balance, new Hco3⁻ is formed by

A) Hco3⁻ buffer system

B) Phosphate buffer system

C) Ammonia buffer system

D) B& C

Ans: D

True/false

35.In ECF the total concentration of cations exceeds that of anions.

Ans: false-these must be equal.Anion gap is not true deficit.

36.The acid buffering power of venous blood is greater than arterial blood.

 Ans: True.Hco3 is slightly higher in venous blood. deoxy Hb is a betterbuffer.

38.In arterial blood metabolic alkalosis may be caused by tissue anoxia.

Ans:false.may cause metabolic acidosis through anaerobic metabolism

39.Micturition is a sacral spinal reflex.

Ans:true

40.If systemic blood pressure falls by 50% GFR drops to 0.

Ans:true.sympathetically driven constriction of efferent arteriole.

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Role model in my life
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