General physiology Qs

 

21. The permeability of lipid soluble particle is proportional to their

A) Molecular size

B) Molecular shape

C) Molecular charge

D) Lipid solubility

Ans: D

22.Michaelis-Menten –Kinetics means

A) Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

B) Osmotic kinetics

C) Saturation kinetics

D) Solvent drag

Ans: C

Explanation:

Saturation kinetics occurs in facilitated diffusion where the rate of diffusion rises as the concentration gradient increases until all the binding sites on the carrier proteins are utilized. At this point the rate of

diffusion can no longer rise with increasing particles concentration.

23. Colligative property of solution depends upon

A) the molecular weight of the substance

B) the size and shape of the substance

C) the ratio of the number of solute to the number of solvent molecules

D) the charge of the molecule

Ans: C

24. Transcrption means

A) DNA replication

B) Convertion of m-RNA to protein

C) formation of nucleosome

D) DNA sequence is copied into RNA for gene expression

Ans: D

25.Na⁺ - K⁺ ATPase

A) transport 3K ⁺ out of the cell in exchange of 2Na ⁺ into the cell

B) transport 3Na ⁺ out of the cell in exchange of 2K ⁺ into the cell

C) transport 2Na ⁺out of the cell in exchange of 2K  ⁺ into the cell

D)  transport 1Na ⁺out of the cell in exchange of 1K  ⁺into the cell

Ans: B

26. Apoptosis means

A) Formation of new cells

B) Phagocytosis

C) Programmed cell death

D) Cell death due to an acute injury

Ans: C

27.Na⁺  - K⁺ ATP ase pumping activity increases approximately in

A) proportion to the 3^rd power of intracellular K⁺ concentration

B) Proportion to the 3^rd power of intracellular Na⁺ concentration

C)  Proportion to the 4^rth power of intracellular K⁺ concentration

D)   Proportion to the 4^rth power of intracellular Na⁺ concentration

Ans: B

28. Absolute refractory period for large myelinated nerve fiber is about

A) 1/25 sec

B)1/250 sec

C)1/1000sec

D)1/2500 sec

Ans: D

29. Local circuit of current flow in myelinated nerve fiber occurs in

A) thick myelin sheath

B) one node of Ranvier to next

C) insulated regions

D) Schwann cell

Ans: B

30. maximum strength of contraction occurs when the sarcomere length is

A) 2.2µm

B)3.5µm

C)4.5µm

D)1.5µm

Ans: A

Explanation: At 2.2µm length, there is optimal degree of overlapping and greater force development.

At greater lengths, the actin filament has pulled out to the end of myosin. So, no actin-myosin overlap. Decreased length decreases the force of contraction, because the 2 Z discs of the sarcomere abut the ends of myosin filaments

 

 

diffusion can no longer rise with increasing particles concentration.

General physiology Qs

 

11. The electro chemical driving force [Vm-Ex] for K⁺ is

A) Fairly close to zero or somewhat positive

B) Always strongly negative

C) Moderately negative

D) Strongly positive

Ans: A

Explanation: since it is fairly close to zero or somewhat positive, the K is either at equilibrium or tends to move out of the cell.

12. The electro chemical driving force [Vm-Ex] for Na⁺ is

A) Strongly positive

B) Strongly negative

C) Moderately positive

D) Zero

Ans: B

Explanation: since it is negative, inward net driving force favours passive movement of Na into cell.

13. The electro chemical driving force [Vm-Ex] for Ca⁺ is

A) Strongly positive

B) Moderately positive

C) Strongly negative

D) Zero

Ans: C

Explanation: since it is strongly negative, Ca tends to move into the cell.

14. Platelet count in women is

A) 10% higher than men

B) 20% higher than men

C) 30% higher than men

D) 40% higher than men

Ans: B

15. Which of the following properties regarding Action potential is wrong?

A) Doesn’t obey All or None law

B) Self propagating

C) Increasing the stimulus further has no effect on Action potential size or shape

D) Sub threshold stimulus do not elicit any change

Ans: A

16. Slow twitch or Type I fibres are found in high proportions in

A) Postural muscles of the back

B) Calf muscle

C) Extra ocular muscle

D) Foot

Ans: A

17. Type II-A Fast oxidative fibres are found in high proportions in

A) extra ocular muscle

B) Soleus in the calf

C) Postural muscles of back

D) Foot

Ans: B

18. Type II –B Fast glycolytic fibres are found in high proportions in

A)Soleus

B) Postural muscles of back

C) Extra ocular muscles

D) Foot

Ans: C

19. Myoglobin is absent in

A) Type-B-Fast glycolytic fibres

B) Type II-A

C) Fast oxidative

D) Type I fibres

Ans: A

20. The lipid molecules of a cell membrane

A) have hydrophilic polar region at one end & hydrophobic hydrocarbon at the other end

B)  have hydrophilic Polar Regions on both ends

C) have hydrophobic hydrocarbon on both ends

D) have lipophilic on both ends

Ans: A

General physiology Qs

 General physiology Qs

1. What is the soil concentration of Naked Extracellular [eDNA] in the environment?

A) 2 µg/g

B) 28µg/g

C) 50µg/g

D) 88µg/g

Ans: A

2. What is the concentration of Naked Extracellular [eDNA] in the aquatic environment?

A)20µg/g

B) 30µg/g

C) 58µg/g

D) 88µg/g

Ans: D

3. e-DNA may be involved in

A) Vertical gene transfer

B) Horizontal Gene transfer

C) Junk DNA process

D) Maintaining stability of its structure

Ans: B

Explanation: Naked extracellular [e-DNA] is released by cell death and constantly existing in the environment. The concentration in the soil is 2µg/g and in Aquatic environment is 88µg/g.

The possible functions are:

a. May be involved in Horizontal gene transfer.

b.provide nutrition

c.act as a Buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics

d.act as an extracellular matrix component in the bio films.

[bio films-group of microbes in which cells adhere to each other.

4. The common form of DNA is said to be

A) Left handed

B) Right handed

C) Anti-clock wise direction

D) Parallel

Ans: B

Explanation: The 2 strands of each DNA molecules are anti-parallel, i.e. they run in opposite directions to each other. One chain runs in 5’ [5 prime] to 3’ [3prime] and the other in 3’ to 5’.The common form of DNA is said to be Right handed, because the base residue forms a spiral in clock-wise direction.

5. How many pairs of nucleotides are present in one full turn of helix in Watson&Crick –B-DNA?

A) 10

B) 20

C) 30

D) 40

Ans: A

6 .Z-DNA is-

A) Right handed

B) Left handed

C) Clock-wise

D) Common form

Ans: B

7. Which of the following statements regarding RNA is wrong?

A) Single strand

B) Contains Ribose sugar

C) Obeys Chargaff’s rule

D) Pyrimidine is uracil

Ans: C

8. JUNK-DNA is called

A) Essential DNA

B) e-DNA

C)Codons

D) Non-coding DNA

Ans: D

9. Each molecule of Calmodulin [CaM] binds

A) 6 calcium ions

B) 5 calcium ions

C) 4 calcium ions

D) 3 calcium ions

Ans: C

10. Which of the following substances is called ‘Docking protein’ /

A) Signal recognition particle [SRP-Receptor]

B) Signal peptidase

C) Nascent protein

D) Calmodulin

Ans: A

Reticular formation Qs

 

                            Reticular formation

1. Reticular activating system is a

a. Monosynaptic pathway

b.disynaptic pathway

C.polysynaptic pathway

Ans: c [Ganong 26^th ed, pg267]

2. Serotonin secreted by the Raphenuclei fibers at the spinal cord has the ability to ---------.

Ans: Suppress pain [Guyton 11^th ed, pg731]

3. Pontine Reticulo spinal tract receive excitatory signals from vestibular nuclei and deep nuclei of cerebellum. [True/False]

Ans: True. [Guyton and Hall 12^th ed, pg673]

4. Which of the following statements regarding pontine reticulo spinal tract is false?

a. transmit excitatory signals to antigravity muscles

b.terminate on the medial anterior motor neuron

C.have a high degree of natural excitability

d.transmit inhibitory signals to antigravity muscles

Ans: d. [Guyton and Hall 12^th ed, pg 673]

5. Medullary reticulo spinal tract transmit -------------signals to antigravity anterior motor neuron.

Ans: inhibitory. [Guyton and Hall 12^th ed, pg 674]

6. Which of the following neurotransmitters is mainly secreted by locus ceruleus?

a. Dopamine

b.serotonin

c.norepinephrine

d.histamine

Ans: c. [Guyton 11^th ed, pg 730]

7. Feedback signals from cerebral cortex to excitatory reticuloformation maintain

a. +ve feedback

b. -ve feedback

c. feed forward control

d.adaptive control

Ans: a [Guyton 11^th ed, pg729]

8. Reticular neurons are capable of transmitting spontaneous impulses sweeping through the thalamus at a rate of about ------------during wakefulness.

Ans: 8-12c/s. [Ganong 22^nd ed, pg198]

9. Small neurons of reticular formation are called

a.Raphe nucleus

b.Magnocellula neurons

c.locus ceruleus

d.Parvocelluar neurons

Ans: d. [Indu khurana, pg1104]

10. Visceral regulatory centers are an integral part of reticular formation. True/false

Ans: True [Indu khurana, pg 1106].

 

Basal Ganglia

Basal Ganglia:  Questions

1. Caudate and putamen collectively forms the striatum.

Ans: True [Ganong 26^th ed.pg-239

2. Putamen and GP forms lenticular nucleus.

Ans: True. [Ganong 26^th ed .pg-239.

3. Parkinson’s disease is also called as paralysis agitans.

Ans: True [Guyton 11^th ed.pg-711]

4. Putamen circuit has its inputs mainly from parts of the brain               to primary motor cortex and output fibers enter mainly into                  .

Ans: adjacent, primary motor cortex.

5.  -------- extends into all lobes of cerebrum and forming a letter like ‘C’.

Ans: caudate. [Guyton 11^th ed.pg-709

6. ----------is responsible for the psychic drive for motor activity.

Ans: Nucleus Accumbens.

7. Striatal neurons --------the thalamus via the direct pathway.

Ans: excite. [G.K pal.pg- 832]

8. Sydenham’s chorea occurs following --------------infection.

Ans: streptococcal infection

9. Anterior cingulated circuits are important for -----------------

Ans: procedural learning.

10. Abnormal gene responsible for Huntington disease is located in ----------

Ans: short arm of Ch4[Ganong pg-241

1. What is Basal ganglia stroke?

Decreased blood supply to BG.leads to stiff muscles, tremor, memory loss, depression, anxiety etc.Recovery occurs in a month or so, but not every patient recovers on their own. It needs rehabilitation.

2. What is lacunar stroke?

Lacunar stroke –lacunar infarct –occlusion of deep penetrating arteries from circle of Willis.

Basal ganglia-MCQs

1. Tremor of Parkinson’s disease is

a. an involuntary tremor

b. an intention tremor

c. pill rolling type

d. a+c is correct

Ans: d. Ganong 26^thed, pg-241, Guyton 11^th ed, pg -711

2. Wilson’s disease is also called as

a. Huntington disease

b.Hepatolenticular degeneration

c.OCD

d.ADHD

Ans: b.Ganong 26^th Pg-241

3. Parkinsonism is seen as a complication of treatment with

a.L.Dopa

b.Phenothiazine

c.Bromocriptine

d.Carbidopa

Ans: b.Ganong26th Pg-243

4. Which of the following statements is false?

a.Nigrostriatal pathway is the most severely affected in Parkinson’s disease [PD].

b.MAO inhibitors are useful in the treatment of PD.

c.Lewy bodies are inclusion bodies occur in PD

d.clasp-knife rigidity is a characteristic feature of PD.

Ans: d.Guyton -pg-115, Ganong, pg-243.

5. The characteristic gait in PD is called

a.circumduction gait

b.waddling gait

c.festinant gait/shuffling

d.drunken gait

Ans: c. Indu khurana, pg-962

6. Which of the following statements is correct?

a.SN PC releases dopamine to excite GpE

b.SN PR releases dopamine to inhibit striatum.

c.SN PC releases dopamine to inhibit striatum.

Ans: c. Ganong, pg-239

7. Which of the following statements is correct?

A.Subthalamic nucleus releases Glutamate to inhibit GpI

b.subthalamic nucleus releases Glutamate to excite GpI.

c.GpE releases Glutamate to excite striatum.

Ans: b. Ganong, pg-239

8. The caudate circuit is essential for

a. Motor coordination of fine movement

b.cognitive control of sequence motor pattern

c.motor coordination of crude movement

d.none of the above

Ans: b.Guyton, pg-709

9. The dopamine pathway in BG is predominantly from

a. Caudate to putamen

b.cortex to caudate

C. Gp to Sub Th

d. SN to caudate

Ans: d.Guyton, 709, Ganong, pg-239

10. Mutations of proteins found in Lewy bodies are

A.Frataxin and ataxin

b.synuclein and parkin

c.DM protein kinase

d.FMR-1

Ans: b.Ganong, pg-242

Reticular formation