RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:MCQS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MCQS

TRUE OR FALSE
1.During normal quiet tidal breathing:
a.the dome of the diaphragm hardly moves at all.
b.the upper external intercostal musles help aerate the bases of the lungs.
c.paralysis of the external intercostal muscle reduces the tidalvolume by about 10%
d.there is a decrese in both intrapleuralpressure and intraalveolarpressure during the inspiratory phase.
e.the actual amountof air shifted eachtime by an adult is about 250 ml.

2.Concering volumes &capacities
a.a capacity is 2 or more volumes added together.
b.vital capacity (VC) can be used to monitor heart failure.
c.the VC falls significantly on recumbency in normal people.
d.VC is a good screening test of lung function.
e.the residual volume is exaled in maximal expiration.

3.the functional residual capacity (FRC)
a.is related in a linear fashion to one's height.
b.falls markedly as one gets older.
c.is increased in emphysema.
d.rises in recumbency.
e.should normally be about 40% of the total lung capacity.

4.In the alveoli:
a.type 1 pneumocytes form the major part of the surface.
b.type 2 pneumocytes produce surfactant.
c.type 3 pneumocytes contain concentric lamellated bodies.
d.gas flow is highly turbulent.
e.macrophages are usually present.

5.In normal lungs
a.in the upright posture ventilation is greater at the apex than at the base.
b.in the upright posture ventilation:perfusion ratio increases from base to apex.
c.residual volume is less than 35% of total lung capacity.
d.airways resistance falls during expiration.

6.Arterial pco2:
a.can be measured directly using an electrode.
b.can be calculated from measurements of PH of arterial blood when fresh and after eqilibration to varying blevels of pco2 in a tonometer.
c.can be estimated by analysis of end expired air.
d.is directly propotional to alveolar ventilation under steady state conditions. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MCQS

TRUE OR FALSE
ANSWERS

1.a.false.(diaphragm moves about 1cm during quiet breathing & about 10 cm during hyperventilation.
b.true
c.false.(bcz diaphragm is so effective.)
d.true.
e.false.(tidal vol is 500ml)

2.a.true
b.true
c.true
d.false(vc depends on chest compliance ,muscle power,&body size)
e.false.

3.a.true
b.false
c.true
d.false.
e.true.

4.a.true
b.true
c.false
d.false(by diffusion,linear velosity is very low)
e.true

5.a.false
b.false
c.true
d.false(increases)

6.a.true.(severinghaus co2 electrode)
b.true(this describes Astrup technique)
c.true
d.true.
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RAYS OF LIGHT

*Talk as little as possible
work as much as possible
*Whatever work you do ,do it as perfectly as you can,
That is the best service to the divine in man.
*Work done in the true spirt is meditation.

CARDRIVING-GENERALTIPS

CARDRIVING-GENERALTIPS
Buying a car to suit your need is more important.Everybody is keen to buy a car with goodmileage,lowmaintanance,spacious with goodride,comfort and performance.It is even more so if the the car you buy is your first.It is human nature.
Car owners in india are not maintanance-savvy and tend to ignore some wear and tear leading to high number of failures in vehicles.
Is it possible to keep your car in winning form?Yes.
Here are some general tips for maintaining your car for optimal performance.
Follow these safety guidelines:
.Do not use the clutch as a footrest.It should be used only while changing gears.
.Start driving only in 1st gear&shift gears at the right rpm.
.Check air pressure regularly.Your car will use more fuel if tyre pressure is more.
.Do not brake unnecessarily&avoid hard braking.
.Dont increase enginespeed immediately after starting.Wait for atleast 5sec.this not only improves lubrication, but also increases engine life.&your fuel bills down.
.Maintan a steady speed while driving,unnecessary acceleration&deceleration increases fuel consumption.
.Insist on tyre rotation at every service.
.When starting,make sure that the AC&other electrical loads switched off.(engine&battery will last longer this way.)
.Service your car regularly.(diesel car every 5000,petrol car every 10,000km.)

Jokes of the day

JOKES OF THE DAY
patient:Doctor,I've heard once about doctor treating someone with pneumonia &finally died of typhus.
Doctor:Dont worry,it wont happen,if i treat someone with pneumonia he will die of pneumonia.
_._._._._
Doctor:you've got cancer&Alzheimers.
pATIENT:THANK GOD,Atleast I dont have cancer.
(Alzheimers-characterized by loss of recent memory&other neurological symptoms)
_._._._._.

RAYS OF LIGHT

WEAKNESS OF HUMAN NATURE
LAZINESS: It is dangerous illness.
FEAR: Is always a very bad adviser.
ANGRY:Before getting angry at the mistakes of others one should always remember ones own mistakes.

Aerobic exercise & estimate of the target heart rate.(THR)

AEROBIC EXERCISE & ESTIMATE OF TARGET HEART RATE

Aerobic Exercise:

Most people think that any kind of vigorous exercise qualifies as aerobic ...Think again. To be truly aerobic, an exercise must work large groups of muscles for a period lasting as least 15 t0 20 minutes, Typical examples of aerobic exercise are swimming, Fast walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing and some of the livelier forms of dance.

Like all the other muscles in the body, the heart needs exercise to stay healthy. Because aerobic activity forces the heart to pump large quantities of oxygen – rich blood to the muscles for a sustained period of time, it gradually strengthens the heart muscle. As a result, the hart works more efficiently and can better meet the body’s daily demands for oxygen without undue stress.

When you begin to exercise, your heart rate increases rapidly in proportion to your exercise intensity. Your heart rate increases directly as you increase your exercise intensity. Until you are near the Point of exhaustion as in Olympic cross-country skiing. As that point is approached. Your heart rate begins to level off. This indicates that you are approaching your maximum value. The maximum hearts is the highest heart rate value you achieve in all-out effort to the point of exhaustion. This is a highly reliable value that remains constant from day to day changes slightly from day to day changes only slightly from year to year.

As little as 20 to 40 minutes of aerobics three to four times a week can do the following: burn excess fat, combat stress and fatigue, build stronger bones lower blood pressure (particularly in woman following menopause) increase HDL, cholesterol (the “good” kind), improved sleep, quell anxiety, spark creativity and add years to your life.

ESTIMATE OF TARGET HEART RATE:

Estimate of maximum heart rate can be made based on your age. Subtracting your age from 220 provides an approximation of your average maximum heart rate. The target heart rate (THR) helps you to train at the appropriate intensity to maximize performance benefits of your training efforts.

To determine your target-zone heart rate, you must first estimate your maximal heart rate. It can be measured by:

220-Age (in Years) = ------------------------------(MHR) Multiply that number by 0.6 and 0.85 (0.75 instead of 0.85 if you’re over 65). These 2 numbers are the lower and upper limits for your exercising heart rate.


Now you can estimate your Target-zone heart rate:

Lower level = 0.60 X MHR = ----------------------------
This is your target zone for 60% of your maximum heart rate.

Upper level = 0.85 X MHR = ----------------------------
This is your target zone for 85% of your maximum heart rate.


APPLICATION:

Determine your resting heart rate by lying down for one minute while listening to calming music and then check your pulse. Count the number of heartbeats that occur in 10 seconds. Multiply that number by 6.

Example : 12 beats in 10 sec. = 12 x 6 = 72

Complete the target heart rate worksheet (.Refer THR worksheet.)



Do a 12 – minute walk/run at 4-munite intervals. At these intervals, find your Heart rate and check to see if you are in your range that you calculated Remember, count the number of heartbeats that occur in 10 seconds.( Refer THR worksheet.)

Swimming.(MenVsWomen)

SWIMMING (MEN Vs WOMEN)


Swimming is generally considered one of the most complete forms of exercise. Because it works the majority of the muscles in the body and provides both aerobic benefits and resistance benefits. It is a valuable activity for physical therapy and exercise.

Swimming differs in several important respects from walking or running, For one thing, Swimmers must expend energy to, maintain buoyancy while at the same time, generate horizontal movement using the arms & legs, either in combination or separately other differences include the energy requirements for over coming drag forces that impede the movement of an object through water medium. The amount of drag depends on the characteristics of the medium & object's size, shape & velocity. So it requires about 4 times more energy to swim a given distance than to run the same distance.

Swimming does not strain joints and connective tissue as much as many other forms of exercise, Athletes in other sports who are recovering from injuries often swim to stay in shape.

MEN VERSUS WOMEN

Women of all ages posses, on average, more total body fat than men. Because fat floats and muscle and bone sink, the average woman gains a hydrodynamic lift and floats more easily then the average male. So, women swim a give distance at a lower energy cost than men i.e., women achieve a higher swimming velocity than men for the same level of energy expenditure.

The distribution of body fat towards the periphery in women causes their legs to float higher in water whereas men's leaner legs tend to swim down in the water lowering the legs to a deeper position Increases body drag & then reduces swimming economy.

Predicting Maximum Heart rate for Swimmers

HRmax in beats per min (bpm) can be predicted by age, independent of gender and physical activity status. For non fat men & women.

HRmax = 208 - (0.7x(Age,y)

For swimmers, HRmax average about 13bpm lower than in running. The smaller arm muscle mass activated during swimming probably causes this difference.