HAPPY NEW YEAR 2008

with the warmest of wishes

for the

best of everything!

May the choicest

of your dreams

come true

bringing unlimited happiness.

HAPPY NEW YEAR.

Gastro intestinal system.(MCQ)

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM (M.C.Q)
TRUE/FALSE (Qs 1-10)

1. All the muscles in the GIT are smooth muscle.
2. After death the length of the intestine is shorter than in vivo.
3. The small intestine can respond to stretch by an increase or a decrease in tension.
4. The entire lining of the small intestine is replaced in 5-6 days.
5. The sympathetic supply of the GIT relaxes the muscularis mucosa.
6. The sympathetic supply blocks the release of mediators from parasympathetic terminals from the myenteric plexus.
7. Mechanoreceptors are found in mucosa, sub mucosa and muscle layers.
8. The oral stage is the only voluntary stage of swallowing.
9. Vagal innervation is essential for the orderly propagation of the primary peristaltic wave along the esophagus.
10. The vomiting center is situated in the hypothalamus.

ANSWERS
1. F (Voluntary muscle is present in esophagus and rectum.)
2. F. 3. T. 4.T. 5. F. 6.T. 7.T. 8.T. 9.T. 10.F. (in the medulla ventral to nucleus of solitary tract.)

(Qs 11-20)
11. Receptive relaxation only occurs in the proximal stomach.
12. Gastric emptying can be either increased or decreased by osmoreceptors in the duodenal mucosa.
13. Segmental movements in the small intestine can occur in completely denervated gut.
14. Peristalsis in the small intestine can be initiated by a myoelectric complex in the antrum/duodenum.
15. Haustral movements are as likely to cause retrograde as orthrograde progression.
16. Aganglionosis of colon (Hirschprung’s disease) causes mega colon.
17. The desire to defecate is related to intrarectal pressure.
18. Normally the secretion of saliva is less than 600 ml/day.
19. Co2 escapes from saliva once it enters the mouth.
20. The parotid glands normally provide most of the salivary volume.

ANSWERS
11. T. 12.T. 13.T. 14.T. 15.T. (Haustrations are due to annular constrictions of circular muscle.)
16. T. 17.T. (Occurs at 20 mmHg; it becomes intense at 50mmHg)
18. F. (1-1.5Litres/day)
19. T. (KHCO3=CO2+KOH) this allows the mouth PH to rise.)

20. F. (Submandibulars provide 70% of salivary volume)

(Qs 21-30)
21. H.pylori infection is nowadays widely accepted as the most common known cause of peptic ulcer.
22. Secretin provokes a very alkaline pancreatic secretion.
23. Only one third of liver bile comes from the hepatocytes.
24. Gall bladder bile is more acid than hepatic bile.
25. Water is reabsorbed by a primary active process from the gall bladder.
26. The normal cholesterol: bilesalts ratio should be less than 1:20
27. Gallstones are most likely to be formed at night or if meals are skipped.
28. G cells are exempt from neural control.
29. Gastrin is important in maintaining gastric mucosal growth.
30. Secretin inhibits gastrin mediated H+ secretion in the stomach.

ANSWERS
21. T. 22. T. 23.T. 24.T. 25.F. 26.T. 27.T. 28.F. (non-cholinergic vagal fibers secrete gastrin releasing peptide)
29. T. 30.T.


(Qs31-40)

31. CCK promotes the concentration of bile in the gall bladder.
32. Aminoacid absorption is virtually unimpaired in a secretory diarrhea.
33. Up to half of the ingested glucose is absorbed in the first 20cm of the jejunum.
34. Absorption only occurs after carbohydrates have been broken down to hexose sugars.
35. Lactose intolerance is due to a failure to absorb the lactose molecule.
36. A chylomicron consists of cholesterol and phospholipid covered in a layer of protein only.
37. Most chloride absorption in the jejunum is by paracellular route.
38. Diarrhea is usually due to problems originating in the large intestine.
39. Serotonin may cause diarrhea by increasing cytoplasmic calcium.
40. The lipostatic theory states that feeding is under the long-term control of total body adipose mass.

ANSWERS
31. F. 32.F. 33.F. (normally all glucose absorption is completed in the proximal jejunum.)
34. F. (pentose sugars are readily absorbed)
35. F. (failure to digest lactose.)
36. F. (also contains triglycerides and often traces lipids)
37. T. 38.F. 39.T. (after over eating bananas-rich in 5-HT.)
40. T(leptin is a protein that regulates body weight and that is encoded in adipocytes).

NEAR-ZERO GRAVITY (MICROGRAVITY)IN SPACE

NEAR-ZERO GRAVITY (MICROGRAVITY) IN SPACE

The human body is an extraordinary but also a complex machine. Like other living organisms, the human body has evolved by adapting to earth’s gravitational field and the biological structure and mechanisms of the body have developed to suit normal earth gravity.
MICRO GRAVITY: The micro gravity environment in space can affect the body in three major ways.
First –there are changes in the blood system.
Second –there is a shift in body fluids towards head.
Third –there is a reduction in weight bearing forces on the body.
Because of these effects, various systems of the body can be affected by space flight. These would include the neurovestibular, cardiovascular, renal/fluid system, musculoskeletal and blood.

INFLUENCE ON BALANCE AND THE SENSE OF ORIENTATION
As stated, the first system to adapt to spaceflight is neurovestibular.This is composed of brain and vestibular apparatus.
In space, balance and orientation are disturbed. The body lacks its normal point of reference.
Function of vestibular apparatus:-on earth
The otolith organs (utricle &saccule) detect change in position of head and help in maintenance of equilibrium under static condition.
*otolith organs also detect linear acceleration of the head and help in maintenance of equilibrium during such movements.
*semicircular canals detect angular acceleration and helps in maintaining the equilibrium during dynamic phase. They also have a predictive function.
*when a person is in dynamic phase ,they predict ahead of time that the person is likely to fall off balance and help nervous system to do adjustments to prevent a fall.
(Vestibular apparatus: - the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule collectively form the vestibular apparatus and are located in the inner ear.; they play a major role in maintaining posture and equilibrium.)
Mechanism: vestibular apparatus is used to sense movement of head. It is filled with fluid and in the fluid are calcium crystals. When motion occurs, these crystals move and bump into sensory hair cells in the vestibular apparatus, which send signal to the brain. The brain then interprets this signal to determine the direction of movement.
Since there is no gravity in space, the calcium crystals do not move in a manner similar to that on earth.
Even after the astronaut leaves earth, the brain continues to believe that its point of reference is terrestrial ones. Since this information is chaotic, astronaut has trouble adapting to this new microgravity environment and disoriented. Because the sensors in the ear and muscular apparatus cannot orient themselves in zero gravity environment. The only useful information reaching the astronauts brain is through the eyes.
In space, astronauts must take some time to lose the disoriented feelings associated with weightlessness; because of lack of gravity, the otolith organs no longer play the same role; they can sense linear acceleration, but cannot establish a vertical reference signals to the brain. Adaptation to this new environment involves learning to use nonvestibular signals that are visual, proprioceptive and tactile.
INFLUENCE ON BLOOD CIRCULATION:
One of the most visible effects of a space mission is no doubt the puffy-face, bird-leg look that astronauts get. On earth, heart is programmed to distribute blood evenly throughout the body. The heart must do more work to supply the upper body, because the force of gravity naturally draws blood downward. The lower limb does not have this problem, as the blood coming to them is gravity assisted.

In space, bodily fluids no longer flow back down naturally by gravity. The heart is still programmed the way it was on earth.so, under the pressure of the heart and the veins and an artery the blood rushes to the person’s torso, head, and results in puffy face. The veins of the neck and face stand out more than usual, the eyes become red &swollen, and legs are thinner because instead of dropping effortlessly down to the lower limbs, the blood has to be pumped there by the heart. Because of these physiological changes, astronauts suffer from space sickness.

INFLUENCE ON BONE AND MUSCLE:
In space, the musculoskeletal system continuously deteriorates. Leg muscles in particular, which are underused, become flabby and loose, tone and mass. Muscular atrophy occurs. The bones, too become weaker bcz of a loss of minerals (Ca, K, Na)

Did you know that your body gets taller in space?
Because the spine is no longer compressed by gravity, the vertebra separates slightly from one another and the body lengthens.

PHSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT:
Space sickness, disorientation, migration of organic fluids to the upper body, bone deterioration, muscular atrophy, lenghthening of spine, backache etc.

WONDERS OF HUMAN BODY

THE WONDERS OF HUMAN BODY
*There are about 96,000 km of blood vessels in our body.
*Man breaths 13-17 times /mt.on an average 21,600 times /day.
*Alimentary system is a 9.14-meter long tube. Small intestine is 6.096-meter length.
*Total number of bones in our body-206
.longest bone –femur/thigh bone
.smallest bone –stapes in the ear
*In the human body there are 639 muscles, which also account for 40% of the total body
Weight.
*The fastest nerve impulse travels at 532 kmph.
*Humans can detect 10,000 colors, 500 different tastes and 1500 different tones.
*Stomach produces 2 liters of Hcl acid/day.
*The brain: the 1.36kg organ stores 100 trillion bits of information over the course of 70 years, equal to 500,000 sets of the encyclopedia.
.It can work better than any computer.
.Neurons is the longest cells in our body.
*Largest organ in the body: The skin
*Organs that you can do without:-Tonsils and appendix.
*Body’s instant energy provider: The liver.

STRESS and DESTRESS

STRESS and DESTRESS
Stress! It’s as inevitable as death &taxes, and it has more disguises than you can imagine, including frustration,anxiety,fear,job and family pressure, sadness and happiness, and boredom and overactivity.Stress is a normal part of life; it’s how you respond to it that affects your health.
Lifestyle, personality&even genetic makeup influence our emotional and physiological responses to stress. However, you can modify those responses by making changes in how we act, think, relate, move&relax.
Be more flexible.
Take things one at a time.
Learn to say no &avoid taking on more responsibility than you can handle. Cut out unnecessary activities.
Rest rejuvenate-even during busy periods; try to leave work at a reasonable time a few nights a week, also every hour take a five mts break&walkaround.
Keep in touch-the more social contact you have the less stressed you feel lowered your risk for many illness.
Workout, jog or walk-exercise is one of the best antidotes to stress.
RESISTANCE TO STRESS
The term stress as used in biology has been defined as any change in the environment those changes or threatens to change an existing optimal steady state. Most if not all of these stresses activate counteractions at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level that tend to restore the previous state, ie, they are homeostatic reactions. Some but not all of the stresses stimulate ACTH .This ACTH secretion is essential for survival when the stress is severe.
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
Mind influences the body in a profound manner through neuroendocrine mechanism. The bodily changes induced by emotions include not only those on the heart, blood vessels, respiration and gut but also on the immune system. Positive emotions such as love &joy enhance immunity, whereas negative emotions such as anger and depression impair immune function. The effects on immunity have been measured in terms of natural killer cell activity, proliferation response of lymphocytes to mitogens and antibody titer.
AN INTEGRATED RESPONSE TO STRESS
Stress, may it be emotional, physical or biological evokes an integrated response of sympathoadrenal medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary cortex axis.
STEPS INVOLVED IN STRESS ADAPTATION
PERCEPTION OF STRESS SIGNALS: Stress is perceived by many areas of the brain, from the cortex down to brainstem including limbic system and reticular activating system (RAS)
ACTIVATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS.Major stresses activate CRH neurons, CRH release stimulates ACTH release and ultimately elevates plasma cortisol levels.
ACTIVATION OF SYMPATHOADRENAL MEDULLARY SYSTEM:
“ALARM” OR STRESS RESPONSE OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
When large portions of sympathetic nervous system discharge at the same time-that is, a MASS DISCHARGE –this increases in many ways the ability of the body to perform vigorous muscle activity. The effects are:
1. Increased arterial pressure.
2. Increased blood flow to active muscles with decreased blood flow to organs such as GIT&KIDNEYS.
3. Increased blood glucose concentration.
4. Increased glycolysis in the liver&in muscle
5. Increased muscle strength
6. Increased mental activity.
The sum of these effects permits a person to perform far more strenuous physical activity than would otherwise be possible. The purpose of the sympathetic system is to provide extra activation of the body in states of stress; this is called the sympathetic stress response.
IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE
Stress may progress the development of type1 diabetes by stimulating the secretion of counter-regulating hormones &possibly by modulating immune activity.
Acute stress reactions:
Following stressful event, some people develop a characteristic pattern of symptoms, which include anxiety, anger, depression, overactivity&withdrawal.The symptoms are transient; they start to subside within a few hours and usually completely resolve within 3 days of their onset. Precipitating events include a traumatic diagnosis such as that of AIDS or CANCER, death of a family member, a major accident, assault and rape.
The autonomic responses to emotions are appropriate for physical activity, and thereby make the body for fight or flight associated with stressful situations. In human beings, civilized behavior demands that physical activity be avoided, no matter how much the provocation. The results are increased cardiac output and constricted blood vessels, which leads to a steep increase in blood pressure and an enormous increase in the workload of the heart. In acute stress, these changes are reversed, but in chronic stress, the elevation in blood pressure becomes persistent leading to hypertension.
Most of the stressful stimuli that increase ACTH secretion also activate the sympathetic system, and part of the function of circulating glucocorticoids may be maintenance of vascular reactivity to catecholamines.It should be noted that the increase in ACTH which is beneficial in the short term, becomes harmful and disruptive in the long term, causing among other things, the abnormalities of Cushing’s syndrome.
A QUICK STRESS TEST
Do you:
*Neglect your diet?
*Try to do everything yourself?
*Act rude?
*Make a big deal of everything?
*Fail to laugh at what others find funny?
*Avoid people whose ideas differ from yours?
*Neglect exercise?
*Get too little rest?
*Get angry when kept waiting?
*Gossip?
*Spend a lot of time complaining about the past?
*Use sleeping pills without your doctor’s approval?
If you answer yes to more of the questions, you need to reduce stress in your life.
RELAXATION TECHNIQUES:
*BREATHE DEEP: Inhale slowly and deeply as you expand first the belly, then the diaphragm and finally the chest. Hold for a few seconds, and then exhale in a reverse 1-2-3 pattern. Repeat 10 times.
*STRETCH: 10 mts day of simple stretching or yoga can keep tense or underused muscles loose, help prevent future tension, and recharge your batteries.
MEDIDATE: Calm, inward reflection for only 10to 20 mts a day may help lower blood pressure. Sit or lie down in a quiet, comfortable place. A nice view, fresh air, soft music, or sweet scents can help clear your mind.

Always have a positive attitude in life.
There is something positive in every person,
Even a stopped watch is right twice a day.
Happiness always looks small,
When we hold it in our hands
However, when we learn to share it,
We realize how big and precious it is…!

“Winners don’t do different things
They do things differently.”(_shiv khera)

Think different….think apple

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

TRUE/FALSE in C.N.S
1.cerebral blood flow:(CBF)

a).is subject to autoregulation over a mean arterial pressure (MAP) range of 50-150 mmHg
b)is critical for maintaining the intracranial pressure(ICP) at around a normal of 10-15mmHg.
c)is adjusted to keep a cerebral perfusion pressure(CPP) of about 70mmHg in normal people.
d)hypoxia is a more potent stimulus for increased CBF than a similar fall in the PaCO2.
e)overall CBF and oxygen consumption in the brain varies widely throughout a normal 24 hours.
f)sympathetic vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels is often seen in acute brain damage.

g)cerebral steal means that blood is diverted to the brain from extra cranial regions.

h)increases during sleep.

2.The intracranial pressure (ICP)
a)increases during sleep(irrespective of position)

b)almost all volatile anaesthetics increase the ICP.

3.Cerebral cortex,EEG,CVA
a) the EEG is due to firing of cortical neurons (AP generations)

b)in an alert adult with closed eyes,alpha waves predominates

c)irregular small waves are characteristic of mental activity

d)during seizures the brain ECF K+ often rises dramatically.

e)a transient ischaemic attack( TIA) usually lasts less than 10 mts.

The thalamus:
f)plays an essential role in arousal.

g)has each half of the body represented topographically.

4.subcortical areas
Regarding reticular formationRF and limbic system

a)the only proven function of RF are associated with wakefulness,arousal,and posture control.

b)the amygdaloid nucleus is mainly concerned with memory

c)the hippocampus is important in behavioural disorders

d)some striatalnigral fibres release serotonin

e)some nigrostriatal fibres secrete acetylcholine

f)the tremor in parkinsonism PD is exacerbated by alcohol

g)the tremor in PD is present even when the subject is asleep

h)GABA agonists worsen parkinsonism

5.pain
a)pain receptors are polymodal in nature

b)anaesthetization of stump gives only temporary relief in phantom pain

c)pain pathways are not fully developed in the newborn

6.memory
a)working memory is located mainly in the frontal lobes

b)one cannot transfer information from primary to secondary memory in anterograde amnesia.

7.Sleep

a)in REMsleep there is a general rise in skeletal muscle tone

b)REM generating neurons lie in the pons

c)normally REMsleep occurs within 10 min of falling sleep

d)at birth REM accounts for about 50% of sleep

e)sleep-walking occurs in deep stage 3-4 NREM sleep

f)hypnic jerks,bruxism(teeth grinding)and head-banging occur in REM sleep

g)daytime sleepiness,per-sleep dreams,sleep paralysis,cataplexy confirm the diagnosis of narcolepsy.

h)obstructive sleep apnea and obesity often go together

i)polycythemia is common in subjects who suffer from sleep apnea

j)the sleep-wake cycle is retained in coma


TRUE/FALSE in CNS (ANSWERS)
1.a)true b)true c)true d)false.(the PaCO2 must fall below 50 mmHg before there is a significant rise in the CBF.)
e)false.(CBF and o2 consumption are fairly constant over a period of 24 hrs(3ml/100gm/mt)
f)true g)false( diversion of blood to an area of the brain that is relatively vasodilated from other normally perfused areas of the brain)
h)true
ed
2.a)true b)true

3.a)false (EEG is due to changes in EPSP and IPSP in cortical neurons.)
b)true c)true d)true e)true f)false(arousal is possible even if the thalamus is grossly damaged
g)true

4.a)false(RF also modulates muscle tone ,maintains vegetative functions and has a role in affective emotions(pain,pleasure,aggression )
b)false(aggression ,restlessness,and instinctual drives)
c)false(short term memory)
d)false(some nigrostriatal fibers release serotonin)
e)true
f)false(lessened by alcohol)
g)false(disappears in sleep)
h)true

5.a)true b)false(central in origin.,gives no relief)
c)false(pain receptors have been demonstrated from 7th week of fetus.thalamocortical connections are complete by 20-24 weeks of gestations)

6.a)true b)true

7)a)false(atonia)
b)true c)false(begins about 40 mts after sleep onset)
d)true e) true f)false(occurs in stage 1-2 of NREM sleep
g)true h) true i) true j) false(however it is retained in persistent vegetative states)

THE HOLY GRAIL OF GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

THE HOLY GRAIL OF GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

DNA : ENVIRONMENT
50 : 50

Exactly what is human intelligence & how should we measure it?
Intelligence is a very difficult concept to define, it is described as the "power of the mind to think in a logical manner & acquire knowledge."

Is intelligence inherited? It is generally accepted that intelligence is inherited but can also be related to the environment.

Genetic control: A degree of intelligence is written in the genes & determined before birth. It suggests that the ability to do well in the intelligence tests is linked with the amount of grey matter in the brain, something that depends largely on genes. Studies showed that the grey matter volume is strongly determined by genes and reflected cognitive performance. It was also suggested that there is a strong genetic influence on IQ , so our genes determine the quality of our intelligence, our ability to integrate & process the information. The level of our intelligence determines how well we cope with changes in our environment. The genetic brain maps reveal a strong relationship among: genes, brain structure & behaviour, suggesting that highly heritable aspects of brain structure may be fundamental in determining individual differences in cognition.

Biological basis: Scientists have long suspected that grey matter is the seat of intelligence in the brain. Finally a correlation between: grey matter density & general cognitive ability provides evidence for a biological basis for it (IQ). A component of our problem solving ability is inherited, but its only very minimal of the variation in that trait, which means to say that the effects of nurture of learning-the non genetic factors, have tremendous importance in building brain structure, intelligence & performance in tests.

Your brain, your nervous system - your entire body is constructed according to instructions received from the genes that you have inherited from your parents. However, the ability to speak a certain language is not inherited, but is dependent on the language that the child hears on a daily basis! In the same way, intelligence might be dependent on the child's environment & specifically the quality & quantity of education that one receives. Whether nature or nurture influences intelligence remains a matter of debate between: geneticists & environmentalists & sits at about 50/50.

CAN WE INCREASE OUR INTELLIGENCE?

There are certainly ways to increase one's intelligence also called, intelligence amplification/enhancing, by practicing many proven cognitive tools such as mnemonics, problem solving techniques, creative techniques etc.

Some intelligence boosters are listed below -

Good reasoning is the key to success-if performed in the proper order.

1. have an objective
2. make a general sensing about it
3. determine your decision
4. make alternate plan
5. select the best plan
6. start by carrying out your plan
7. observe results
8. store experience.
(You cannot learn swimming from a book & you cannot learn to think without practicing)

NEW BRAIN CELLS?

It is now established that the traditional view that the brain cells are not added after birth is wrong. New neurons form from stem cells throughout life in two areas - the olfactory bulb & hippocampus. Since the hippocampus is concerned with memory, the memories could be related to new brain cells. During the first few weeks, months perhaps even year or so of life, many parts of the brain produce a great excess of neurons & the neurons send out numerous axon branches to make connections with other neurons. If the new fails to connect with appropriate subsequent neurons, muscle cells or gland cells, the new axon themselves will dissolute within a few weeks. The number of neural connections is determined by specific nerve growth factors released retrogradely from the stimulated cells. Furthermore when insufficient connectivity occurs, the entire neuron that is sending out the axon branches might eventually disappear.

Physiologically memories are stored in the brain by changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission between: neurons, as a result of previous neural activity. The new or facilitated pathways are called memory traces in the cerebral cortex. Electron microscopic pictures have demonstrated multiple structural changes in many synapses during development of long-term memory traces. The most important structural changes are:

1.increase in no. of transmitter vesicle
2.increase in vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter substance
3.increase in no. of presynaptic terminals

CONCLUSION

Human being is not merely a slave to his genes. Human life can be compared to a game of cards. At birth, every person is dealt a hand of cards-his genetic make-up. Some receive a good hand, others a less good one. Success in any game, however is almost always a matter of erudition. It is undeniably, there are innate qualities that will give one person an advantage over other in a specific game. However without having learnt the game, and without regular & rigorous practice, nobody will ever become a champion at any game. In the same way, the life is not determined by the quality of a persons initial hand of cards (genetic make-up), but also by the way in which he takes part in the game of life. It will be determined to a very large extent by the child's environment & specifically the quality & quantity of education that he has enjoyed.
(Published by dr.r.vinodha in APTCON 09-3rd Annual state conference)

LORD SHIVA'S 3RD EYE (the eye of wisdom)Vs HUMAN 3RD EYE (the pineal gland)

LORD SHIVA'S 3RD EYE-(THE EYE OF WISDOM0 Vs THE HUMAN 3RD EYE-(THE PINEAL GLAND)


Shiva is one of the gods of trinity.Lord shiva also called "THREE EYED LORD"is depicted as having 3 eyes,the sun is his right eye ,the moon the left eye,&fire the third eye.The 2 eyes on the right&left indicate his activity in the physical world.The third eye in the center of the forehead symbolizes spiritual knowledge&power&thus called the eye of wisdom or knowledge -the symbol of higher consciousness.
Like fire,the powerful gaze of shiva's 3rd eye annihilates evil& thus evil doers fear his 3rd eye.The very important physical characteristic of shiva is his vertical eye -the 3rd eye.
HUMAN THIRD EYE-THE PINEAL GLAND
-is a small endocrinegland in the brain.It is believed by Rene Descartes to be the seat of the soul.(who dedicated much time to the study of pineal gland.The gland weighs little more than0.1gm &larger in children & begins to shrink with the onset of puberty.In adult human ,small concretion of capo4&caco3(pineal sand)appear in the tissue.they are radio opaque,the normal pineal is often visible on xray films of the skullin adults.displacement of calcified pineal from its normal position indicates the presence of S.O.L such as brain tumour.

It is believed to be a dormant organ that can be awakened to enable telepathic communication.The pineal gland is occassionally associated with 3rd eye chakra in yoga.The pineal gland contains a complete map of the visual field of the eyes.There is a pathway from retina to hypothalamus (SCN-suprachiasmatic nuclei)called retinohypothalamic tract.It brings information about light&dark cycle to SCN.From SCN impulses travel via sym.n to pinealgland.These impulses inhibit the production of melanin from the pineal gland.When these impulses stop (at night,which light no longer stimulates the HT,pineal inhibition ceases &melatonin released.Melatonin may function as a timing device to keep internal events synchronized with light-dark cycle in the environment.

Visualization exercises are the 1st step in directing the energies in our inner system to activate the 3rd EYE.THE 3RD EYE OF SHIVA-The organ of spiritual vision ,is intimately related to karma ,as you become more spiritual in natural course of evolution,the pineal gland will continue to rise from its age-long dormant state to active state&will bring back the human astral capacities and spiritual abilities.

TELEPATHY? OR MERE COINCIDENCE?

TELEPATHY OR COINCIDENCE?
ESP:Extra sensory perception was coined by J.B Rhine to denote pa rapsychological abilities such as telepathy,precognition,&clairvoyance.It is sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense.This direct mind to mind communication is often said to be instantaneous &independent of distance.
ESP fall into 4 general categories-
.TELEPATHY-a person's awareness of another's thoughts without any communication thro normal sensory channel.
.CLAIRVOYANCE-knowledge acquired of an object or event without the use of senses.
.PRECOGNITION- a person may have another persons future thoughts or of events.
.PSYCHOKINESIS-a persons ability to influence a physical object or an event by merely thinking about it.
TELEPATHY
MIND TO MIND COMMUNICATION-Apparent ability to send and receive thought's and other mental data directly from one mind to another.
Telepathy or coincidence??
who possesses ESP?
Every person?!!
The fact that some have developed this ability to a very high degree,has created the impression that only certain people have ESP,many of them have had atleast one spontaneous ESPexperience/(coincidence)in their life.
It's happened to you.for some reason you thought about a person you know pop into your head,
The phone rings,
Amazingly, it's that very same person you where thinking!!
OR
you are driving in a car &humming a song...
You turn on the radio ...
The same song is playing!!
MECHANISM
There is no clear explanation.most of the mechanism remain controvercial.so, we can let our imagination run wild &suggest the following possible mechanism.
How&why does the brain communicate with another brain?
Apparently you have a part of a brain that is tunable to all mind frequencies.this part also has' memory' for" mind frequencies"of certain known pepple.(friends&relatives)this brain component is called the "scanner".(It would be assumed that such a" radio "like waves would be an electromagnetic nature)
An alert signal is sent to a person' own scanner when he is under some forms of extreme emotional distress,Any other scanner tuned to this scanner will pickup on this &rest of the brain will tune itself to the activated frequency.The "receiver scanner"had been always tuned in to the "transmitter scanner"
Neuronal circuit:
Intense activities of limbic system has been reported in mind to mind communication&chronic hyperstimulation of limbic lobe can induce some individuals to become hyperreligiousor visualize&experience ghosts,angelsor even GOD or the sensation of having left thier body.
CONCLUSION
Do you believe the mechanism of working of telepathic organ?
If you believe mind to mind interaction;
Why not heart to heart interaction?!!

EFFECT OF BODY POSITION (SUPINE,RLD,LLD)ON VENTILATION&GAS EXCHANGE IN UNILATERAL PULMONARY DISEASE.

EFFECT OF BODY POSITION (SUPINE,RLD,LLD)
ON VENTILATION AND GAS EXCHANGE IN
UNILATERAL PULMONARY DISEASE.
( Presented by Dr.R.Vinodha,M.D.,in Indian Assosiation of Biomedical Scientists
XIV annual conference)

Abstract
In normal subjects breathing normally both blood flow and ventilation are greater in dependent lung zones.These considerations may assume clinical importance in unilateral pulmonary disease.This study was undertaken to verify this in patients,thoracic medicine dept, M.M.C.,Chennai.A.B.G Analysis,&ventilatory tests(VC,FEVC,FEV1)Were measured after 15 minutes in each of the 3 positions.(supine,RLD-right lateral decubitus&LLD-left lateral decubitus)This study indicates that body position can influence gas exchange in patients with unilateral lung disease.lying with the disease lung dependent ,resulted in the lowest arterial o2 pressure and worst gas exchange;lying on the good lung resulted in maximal arterial pressure and better gas exchange.The clinical implication of these data are that study of positionally modulated gas exchange in patients with pulmonary disorders can provide potentially useful clinical information as well as test some of the thereotic concepts of gas exchange.Morover the finding of a significant difference in pao2 going from one lateral decubitus position to the other, suggest that lateral positioning of pulmonary patients is not without significant consequence to gas exchange and might advantageously be used in the therapeautic programme.
(fig:1.Radiographic appearance of destroyed lung cavity with fibrosis.
fig:2.Lobectomy.
fig:3.Pneumonectomy.)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:MCQS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MCQS

TRUE OR FALSE


1.In inspiration
a.The abdomen moves outwards.
b.The costal margin moves outwards and upwards.
c.Centralvenous pressure increases.
d.Airways resistance is less than during expiration.
e.Intrapleural pressure is sub-atmospheric.

2.Surfactant:
a.Produces a greater lowering of surface tension in small bubbles than in large bubbles.
b.Activity in a surface is enhanced by transient increase in area or radius of curvature of the surface.
c.Is present in foetallungs from the 20th week of gestation.
d.Production is dependent upon pulmonary perfusion.

3.The closing volume of the lungs( CV )
a.is the volume of air expired before airways close off.
b.is small (20-50ml)during quiet expiratiopn in normal individual.
c.is associated with the closure of airways in the apex of the lung before closure elswhere.
d.increses in recumbency.
e.if it equals the tidalvolume,is incompatible with life.

4.In the mechanics of breathing:
a.the compliance is given by volume/pressure.
b.the compliance of the lung is about the same as that of the thoracic cage in young healthy adults.
c.the compliance of the thorax decreases in obesity.
d.the volume change lags begind the pressure change in both inflation and deflation of the lungs.
e.an estimate of elastic forces is given by area between inspiratory and expiratory traces on hysterresis loop.

5.Airway resistance:
a.is a major factor in the elastic resistance of the lungs.
b.is mainly determined by the calibre of the airways.
c.falls at high altitude
d.is inversely related to FEV1
e.increses as lung volume increases.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:ANS
1.a.True
b.True
c.False
d.True
e.True

2.a.True
b.True
c.False
d.True.

3.a.false
b.false
c.false
d.true
e.false

4.a.false
b.true
c.true
d.true
e.false

5.a.false
b.true
c.true
d.true
e.false

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:MCQS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MCQS

TRUE OR FALSE
1.During normal quiet tidal breathing:
a.the dome of the diaphragm hardly moves at all.
b.the upper external intercostal musles help aerate the bases of the lungs.
c.paralysis of the external intercostal muscle reduces the tidalvolume by about 10%
d.there is a decrese in both intrapleuralpressure and intraalveolarpressure during the inspiratory phase.
e.the actual amountof air shifted eachtime by an adult is about 250 ml.

2.Concering volumes &capacities
a.a capacity is 2 or more volumes added together.
b.vital capacity (VC) can be used to monitor heart failure.
c.the VC falls significantly on recumbency in normal people.
d.VC is a good screening test of lung function.
e.the residual volume is exaled in maximal expiration.

3.the functional residual capacity (FRC)
a.is related in a linear fashion to one's height.
b.falls markedly as one gets older.
c.is increased in emphysema.
d.rises in recumbency.
e.should normally be about 40% of the total lung capacity.

4.In the alveoli:
a.type 1 pneumocytes form the major part of the surface.
b.type 2 pneumocytes produce surfactant.
c.type 3 pneumocytes contain concentric lamellated bodies.
d.gas flow is highly turbulent.
e.macrophages are usually present.

5.In normal lungs
a.in the upright posture ventilation is greater at the apex than at the base.
b.in the upright posture ventilation:perfusion ratio increases from base to apex.
c.residual volume is less than 35% of total lung capacity.
d.airways resistance falls during expiration.

6.Arterial pco2:
a.can be measured directly using an electrode.
b.can be calculated from measurements of PH of arterial blood when fresh and after eqilibration to varying blevels of pco2 in a tonometer.
c.can be estimated by analysis of end expired air.
d.is directly propotional to alveolar ventilation under steady state conditions. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MCQS

TRUE OR FALSE
ANSWERS

1.a.false.(diaphragm moves about 1cm during quiet breathing & about 10 cm during hyperventilation.
b.true
c.false.(bcz diaphragm is so effective.)
d.true.
e.false.(tidal vol is 500ml)

2.a.true
b.true
c.true
d.false(vc depends on chest compliance ,muscle power,&body size)
e.false.

3.a.true
b.false
c.true
d.false.
e.true.

4.a.true
b.true
c.false
d.false(by diffusion,linear velosity is very low)
e.true

5.a.false
b.false
c.true
d.false(increases)

6.a.true.(severinghaus co2 electrode)
b.true(this describes Astrup technique)
c.true
d.true.
***-----***-----***-----***

RAYS OF LIGHT

*Talk as little as possible
work as much as possible
*Whatever work you do ,do it as perfectly as you can,
That is the best service to the divine in man.
*Work done in the true spirt is meditation.

CARDRIVING-GENERALTIPS

CARDRIVING-GENERALTIPS
Buying a car to suit your need is more important.Everybody is keen to buy a car with goodmileage,lowmaintanance,spacious with goodride,comfort and performance.It is even more so if the the car you buy is your first.It is human nature.
Car owners in india are not maintanance-savvy and tend to ignore some wear and tear leading to high number of failures in vehicles.
Is it possible to keep your car in winning form?Yes.
Here are some general tips for maintaining your car for optimal performance.
Follow these safety guidelines:
.Do not use the clutch as a footrest.It should be used only while changing gears.
.Start driving only in 1st gear&shift gears at the right rpm.
.Check air pressure regularly.Your car will use more fuel if tyre pressure is more.
.Do not brake unnecessarily&avoid hard braking.
.Dont increase enginespeed immediately after starting.Wait for atleast 5sec.this not only improves lubrication, but also increases engine life.&your fuel bills down.
.Maintan a steady speed while driving,unnecessary acceleration&deceleration increases fuel consumption.
.Insist on tyre rotation at every service.
.When starting,make sure that the AC&other electrical loads switched off.(engine&battery will last longer this way.)
.Service your car regularly.(diesel car every 5000,petrol car every 10,000km.)

Jokes of the day

JOKES OF THE DAY
patient:Doctor,I've heard once about doctor treating someone with pneumonia &finally died of typhus.
Doctor:Dont worry,it wont happen,if i treat someone with pneumonia he will die of pneumonia.
_._._._._
Doctor:you've got cancer&Alzheimers.
pATIENT:THANK GOD,Atleast I dont have cancer.
(Alzheimers-characterized by loss of recent memory&other neurological symptoms)
_._._._._.

RAYS OF LIGHT

WEAKNESS OF HUMAN NATURE
LAZINESS: It is dangerous illness.
FEAR: Is always a very bad adviser.
ANGRY:Before getting angry at the mistakes of others one should always remember ones own mistakes.

Aerobic exercise & estimate of the target heart rate.(THR)

AEROBIC EXERCISE & ESTIMATE OF TARGET HEART RATE

Aerobic Exercise:

Most people think that any kind of vigorous exercise qualifies as aerobic ...Think again. To be truly aerobic, an exercise must work large groups of muscles for a period lasting as least 15 t0 20 minutes, Typical examples of aerobic exercise are swimming, Fast walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing and some of the livelier forms of dance.

Like all the other muscles in the body, the heart needs exercise to stay healthy. Because aerobic activity forces the heart to pump large quantities of oxygen – rich blood to the muscles for a sustained period of time, it gradually strengthens the heart muscle. As a result, the hart works more efficiently and can better meet the body’s daily demands for oxygen without undue stress.

When you begin to exercise, your heart rate increases rapidly in proportion to your exercise intensity. Your heart rate increases directly as you increase your exercise intensity. Until you are near the Point of exhaustion as in Olympic cross-country skiing. As that point is approached. Your heart rate begins to level off. This indicates that you are approaching your maximum value. The maximum hearts is the highest heart rate value you achieve in all-out effort to the point of exhaustion. This is a highly reliable value that remains constant from day to day changes slightly from day to day changes only slightly from year to year.

As little as 20 to 40 minutes of aerobics three to four times a week can do the following: burn excess fat, combat stress and fatigue, build stronger bones lower blood pressure (particularly in woman following menopause) increase HDL, cholesterol (the “good” kind), improved sleep, quell anxiety, spark creativity and add years to your life.

ESTIMATE OF TARGET HEART RATE:

Estimate of maximum heart rate can be made based on your age. Subtracting your age from 220 provides an approximation of your average maximum heart rate. The target heart rate (THR) helps you to train at the appropriate intensity to maximize performance benefits of your training efforts.

To determine your target-zone heart rate, you must first estimate your maximal heart rate. It can be measured by:

220-Age (in Years) = ------------------------------(MHR) Multiply that number by 0.6 and 0.85 (0.75 instead of 0.85 if you’re over 65). These 2 numbers are the lower and upper limits for your exercising heart rate.


Now you can estimate your Target-zone heart rate:

Lower level = 0.60 X MHR = ----------------------------
This is your target zone for 60% of your maximum heart rate.

Upper level = 0.85 X MHR = ----------------------------
This is your target zone for 85% of your maximum heart rate.


APPLICATION:

Determine your resting heart rate by lying down for one minute while listening to calming music and then check your pulse. Count the number of heartbeats that occur in 10 seconds. Multiply that number by 6.

Example : 12 beats in 10 sec. = 12 x 6 = 72

Complete the target heart rate worksheet (.Refer THR worksheet.)



Do a 12 – minute walk/run at 4-munite intervals. At these intervals, find your Heart rate and check to see if you are in your range that you calculated Remember, count the number of heartbeats that occur in 10 seconds.( Refer THR worksheet.)

Swimming.(MenVsWomen)

SWIMMING (MEN Vs WOMEN)


Swimming is generally considered one of the most complete forms of exercise. Because it works the majority of the muscles in the body and provides both aerobic benefits and resistance benefits. It is a valuable activity for physical therapy and exercise.

Swimming differs in several important respects from walking or running, For one thing, Swimmers must expend energy to, maintain buoyancy while at the same time, generate horizontal movement using the arms & legs, either in combination or separately other differences include the energy requirements for over coming drag forces that impede the movement of an object through water medium. The amount of drag depends on the characteristics of the medium & object's size, shape & velocity. So it requires about 4 times more energy to swim a given distance than to run the same distance.

Swimming does not strain joints and connective tissue as much as many other forms of exercise, Athletes in other sports who are recovering from injuries often swim to stay in shape.

MEN VERSUS WOMEN

Women of all ages posses, on average, more total body fat than men. Because fat floats and muscle and bone sink, the average woman gains a hydrodynamic lift and floats more easily then the average male. So, women swim a give distance at a lower energy cost than men i.e., women achieve a higher swimming velocity than men for the same level of energy expenditure.

The distribution of body fat towards the periphery in women causes their legs to float higher in water whereas men's leaner legs tend to swim down in the water lowering the legs to a deeper position Increases body drag & then reduces swimming economy.

Predicting Maximum Heart rate for Swimmers

HRmax in beats per min (bpm) can be predicted by age, independent of gender and physical activity status. For non fat men & women.

HRmax = 208 - (0.7x(Age,y)

For swimmers, HRmax average about 13bpm lower than in running. The smaller arm muscle mass activated during swimming probably causes this difference.

Endocrinology.mcq

. Steroid hormones are secreted by all except:
(a) Ovary (b) Testes
(c) Adrenal medulla (d) Placenta
2. Receptors within cell cytoplasm are specific to:
(a) Peptide hormones (b) Protein hormones
(c) Cortisol (d) Catecholamine
3. The cation essential for adenyl cyclase activity to form cAMP is:
(a) Sodium (b) Magnesium
(c) Calcium (d) Potassium
4. The weight of normal pituitary gland is:
(a) 1 gm (b) 5 gm
(c) 10 gm (d) 25 gm
5. The maximum number of hormone secreting cells of anterior pituitary are:
(a) Somatotropes (b) Thyrotropes
(c) Corticotropes (d) Gonadotropes
(a) Lactotropes
6. Which of the following is not an effect of growth hormone in glucose metabolism:
(a) Diminished glucose uptake by cell
(b) Decreased glucose utilisation
(c) Suppression of insulin secretion
(d) Decreased sensitivity to insulin
7. Chondrocytes are converted to osteogenic cells under influence of:
(a) Growth hormone (b) Testosterone
(c) Corticosteroids (d) Thyroxine
8. Normal growth hormone level in a child or adolescent is:
(a) 1 ng/ml (b) 2-3 ng/ml
(c) 6 ng/ml (d) 10-15 ng/ml
9. Which of the following is inhibited by somatostatin:
(a) Growth hormone (b) Insulin
(c) Glucagon (d) All of the above
10. Both oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) have 9 amino acids with partial functional similarities except for amino acid structure involving:
(a) Arginine (b) Valine
(c) Histidine (d) All of the above
11. When peroxides system is blocked or congenitally absent which step of thyroid hormone synthesis is affected:
(a) Iodine trapping (b) Iodine oxidation
(a) Organification of iodine
12. Among thyroid hormones which is rapid acting:
(a) T4 (b) Reversed T3
(c) T3 (d) All equal




13. The exophthalmos in Graves' disease is due to:
(a) Increase in size of eyeball
(b) Increased blood lymph content of eye
(c) Oedema of retro-orbital tissue
(d) All of the above
14. In myxoedema, serum findings are all except:
(a) Low T3, T4 (b) High TSH
(c) Low cholesterol (d) Normal sugar
15. Cortisol is secreted from:
(a) Zona glomerulosa (b) Zona fasciculata
(c) Zona reticularis (d) B + C
16. The degraded adrenal hormones are mainly secreted in:
(a) Urine (b) Bile
(c) Sweat (d) Stool
17. Normal plasma aldosterone is:
(a) 1 ng / dl (b) 6 ng / dl
(c) 12 ng / dl (d) 18 ng / dl
18. Banting and Best, isolated insulin in:
(a) 1890 (b) 1902
(c) 1922 (d) 1942
19. Normal level of ketone bodies in plasma is:
(a) 1 mEq / L (b) 5 mEq / L
(c) 10 mEq / L (d) 20 mEq / L
20. What is asthenia:
(a) Tall lanky body (b) Lack of energy
(c) Lack of adipose tissue (d) None of the above
21. Persistent hypoglycemia is dangerous because of:
(a) Shock (b) Brain damage
(c) Renal shut down (d) Visual impairment
22. Normal daily calcium excretion in urine is:
(a) 50 mg (b) 100 mg
(c) 250 mg (d) 500 mg
23. Conversion of Vit D3 to 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol occurs in which part of nephron:
(a) Glomerulus (b) Proximal tubules
(a) Distal tubules
24. Which of the following conforms to hydroxyapatite:
(a) Ca8 (PO4)6 (OH)2 (b) Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2
(c) Ca10 (PO4)8 (OH)2 (d) Ca8 (PO4)8 (OH)2
25. The bacterium responsible for caries can be all except:
(a) Sterptococci (b) Diphtheroid
(b) Staphylococci (d) Lactobacilli

Endocrinology:ans:mcq
1.c 2.c 3.b 4.a 5.a 6.c 7.a 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.b 12.c 13.c 14.c 15.d 16.a 17.b 18.c 19.a 20.b 21.b 22.b 23.b 24.b 25.c

Endocrinology:M.C.Q&TRUE/FALSE

Second Messengers:

(a) Phosphodiesterase (PDE) convert cAMP to AMP + inorganic phosphate.
(b) PDE inhibiors augment the effects of cAMP by slowing down its degradation.
(c) The cGMP pathway is atleast as widespread as the cAMP pathway.
(d) Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PIP2) is a second messenger.
(e) IP3/Ca2+ is a very widespread chemical transduction system.

(2) Intracellular signalling:

(a) Inositol is a lipid.
(b) Inositol normally occurs in a bound form in the body.
(c) Cortisol combines with a specific protein receptor on an intracellular organelle.
(d) G proteins couple cell surface receptors with intracellular effectors.
(e) Increased G protein activity is typical of generalized resistance to hormone action, e.g. resistance to PTH (parathyroid hormone), thyrotrophin, and gonadotrophins.

(3) Concerning iodine and the thyroid:
(a) Iodine is converted to iodide before absorption in GIT.
(b) Iodide trapping is helped by an electrical gradient into the follicle cell.
(c) Iodide trapping is a primary active process.
(d) TSH stimulates iodide uptake at all iodide trapping sites in the body.
(e) Perchlorate is a competitive inhibitor for iodide trapping.

(4) In the hormonal control of calcium:
(a) Calcitonin comes from cells of neuroectodermal origin.
(b) Calcitonin is an important physiological regulator of plasma calcium.
(c) Hypocalcaemia is the main stimulus for calcitonin release.
(d) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for life.
(e) PTH is stored in granules in the parathyroid.

(5) Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF):
(a) type A is chiefly found in the myocytes of the right atrium.
(b) type A is released in hypovolaemia.
(c) inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis.
(d) causes natriuresis and vasodilation.
(e) has its actions potentiated by neutral endopeptidase inhibitors.


(6) In the normal function of the adrenal medulla:
(a) The basal secretion of catecholamines is important for maintaining vascular tone.
(b) Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction in the skin.
(c) Basal NA secretion has a significant biological effect.
(d) Significant secretion is only stimulated by sympathetic activity.
(e) Adrenaline inhibits lipase in adipose tissue.


(7) Cortisol:
(a) is the only glucocorticoid secreted in significant amounts in humans.
(b) acts at cell level by directly stimulating/inhibiting enzymes.
(c) increases liver glycogen stores.
(d) stimulates the use of glucose in peripheral tissues.
(e) helps to mineralize bone.

(8) Concerning aldosterone formation and secretion:
(a) Aldosterone is formed only in the zona glomerulosa.
(b) Angiotensin II is the most important regulator of aldosterone.
(c) The renin-angiotensin system is found in the adrenal cortex.
(d) ACTH has no effect on aldosterone secretion.
(e) Potassium sitmulates aldosterone release.

(9) Insulin:
(a) is the most powerful hypoglycaemic agent in the body.
(b) inhibits free fatty acid (FFA) release from tissues.
(c) inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
(d) inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase.
(e) facilities transport of amino acids secondary to glucose.

(10) Glucagon:
(a) consists of a double polypeptide chain similar to insulin.
(b) stimulates the secretion of somatostatin.
(c) stimulates gluconeogenesis at physiological levels.
(d) is the most important hormone in preventing fasting hypoglycaemia.
(e) is a strong lipolytic agent in adipose tissue.

(11) Prolactin (PRL):
(a) is synthesized in the same cells as GH.
(b) plasma levels are only slightly higher in females than in males.
(c) inhibiting factor (PIF) is tonically released from the hypothalamus.
(d) release is stimulated by cortisol.
(e) excess in hyperprolactinaemia is treated with 5-HT or 5-HT agonists.

(12) Posterior pituitary hormones:
(a) Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are formed in the pars nervosa of the pituitary (posterior pituitary).
(b) Oxytocin and AVP are stored with specific proteins in the pituitary.
(c) Oxytocin effects are inhibited by progesterone.
(d) Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by the enlarging uterus in pregnancy.
(e) Oxytocin is a strong lactogenic hormone.
Endocrinology:ans.True or false
1.a.True.b.True.c.false.d.False.e.True
2.a.False.b.True.c.True.d.True.e.False
3.a.True.b.False.c.false.d.False.e.True.
4.a.True.b.False.c.False.d.True.e.False.
5.a.True.b.False.c.True.d.True.e.True.
6.a.false.B.True.c.False.d.True.e.False.
7.a.True.b.False.c.True.d.False.e.False
8.a.True.b.True.c.True.d.False.e.True.
9.a.True.b.True.c.False.d.True.e.False.
10.a.False.b.True.c.True.d.True.e.True.
11.a.False.b.True.c.Teue.d.False.e.False.
12.a.False.b.True.c.True.d.False.e.False

BIOFEEDBACK

BIOFEEDBACK

BIOFEEDBACK

You’re stressed! Your heart races, your muscles tense up, your mind blurs, your head pounds. Is it possible to calm yourself down by controlling these physical effects? Using biofeedback, you may be able to.

Biofeedback is training technique that enables an individual to gain some element of voluntary control over autonomic body function.

Biofeedback operates on the notion that we have the innate ability and potential to influence the anatomic function of our bodies through the exertion of will and mind.

Biofeedback is used in many different environment including schools (improving concentration), in sports (for optimizing functioning), in clinical environment (to learn to recognize when psychological systems are not behaving normally and to learn to correct their functioning) and by the clinicians as part of treatment for may disorders including anxiety, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence and constipation, migraine headaches, pain from improperly functioning muscles in the jaws, shoulders, back, etc., irritable bowel syndrome and may others.

How is it done?
Biofeedback is the process of recording psychological signals (such as muscle tension and brain waves) and displaying them to the person being recorded. Recording is non-invasive and painless utilizing electrodes and specialized sensors placed on the skin with non-allergic conductive gel or paste. During Biofeedback subjects are “feedback” information with reinforcing properties about their neuromuscular and anatomic activity both normal and abnormal, on one form of analog or binary, auditory and/or visual feedback signals. Common physiology monitored through the use of Biofeedback includes EEG (brainwave activity), skin conductance and temperature, heart rate, breathing pattern and SEMG.

COMPONENTS OF BIOFEEDBACK
Biofeedback does not need to involve the use of electronic devices, computes etc., for example, a mirror is a perfectly good biofeedback device for may aspects of gait retraining. Electronic biofeedback devices are designed to record physiological function non-invasively most record from the surface of the skin. The information recorded by surface sensors is frequently sent to a computer for processing and then displayed on the monitor and/or through speaker. The person being recorded and any therapist or coach who may be present can attend to the display of information and incorporate it into whatever process they are attempting to perform.

APPLICATION IN SPORTS
Regular physical activity lowers the risks of cardiovascular and lung diseases, diabetes and osteoporosis. It also enhances life by reducing stress, increasing energy elevating mood, bettering self – image, improving appearance, stimulating creativity and reinforcing such health lifestyle changes as eating right and quitting smoking. Sports are not one – size – fits – all. For certain individuals, some sports are not recommended while others may be particularly beneficial.

Here are some examples

 If you are overweight : avoid running or high impact aerobics, they
May overstress joints. Instead, try
swimming or cycling.
 If you have arthritis : even golf with its motion and impact can be
hard on the back, elbows, wrists and knees.
So try water aerobics.

PEAK PERFORMANCE TRAINING
Even though athletes report that during competition their mental, attitudes account for 80% or more of their success, few training programs systematically train athletes to control their mental altitudes.

USE OF ELECTRODERMAL BIOFEEDBACK
Electrodermal biofeedback unit measures and feedback changes in skin conductance. Skin conductance measures the changes in sympathetic arousal as produces in the perspiration of the palmer surface of the hand and correlates highly with fight/flight response. This is often called Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). Usually increase in arousal results in increase in skin conductivity.

MONITORING PHYSIOLOGICAL RELAXATION
Learning relaxation is important since it can allow athletes:
• To modulate their level of arousal necessary for performance
• To facilitate the skill to regenerate
• To build the foundation that is needed to practices imagery rehearsal.

To observe the efficacy of the relaxation training, rapid relaxation strategy known as auotgenic training is performed. As the athletes rapidly relaxed, the skin conductance, as measured from the non – dominant palmar surface, decreased. The decrease in the skin conductance demonstrates that the athletes have learned to relax. This psychological feedback is a powerful reinforces to facilitate learning – it continuously tells athletes how well they are doing. Eventhough the Electrodermal response is a useful feedback with most athletes, some don’t response with this systems. They may respond cardiovascularly, gastrointestinally or muscularly.

HEART MONITOR
Heart rate monitors are really just biofeedback unit. It became evident that using the heart rate to objectively measure body function was simple, accurate and useful. And its application in sports was obvious. The use of heart rate monitor for effective training entails two important aspects. The first is that all endurance athletes must build a good aerobic base, Second consideration has to do with the specific hear rate used during training and how a runner determines that important number.

What heart rate do you use for aerobic training?
The 180 formula, which established the best heart rate for building an aerobic base.
THE 180 FORMULA

To find your maximum aerobic heart rate

 Subtract your age from (180 - age)
 Modify this number by selecting one of the following categories
a. If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease, any operation, any hospital stay) or on any regular medication, subtract 10.
b. If you have not exercised before, you have exercised but have been injured or are regressing in your running, or you often get colds or flu or have allergies, subtract. 5.
c. If you have been exercising for up to two years with not real problems and have not had colds or flu more that once or twice a year, subject 0.
d. If you have been exercising for more than two years without any problems, making progress in competition without injury add 5.
For example, if you are 30 years old and fit into category b: 180 – 30 = 150 and 150 – 5 = 145. This is your maximum aerobic heart rate. For efficient base building, you should train at or below this level throughout your base period.

Initially, training at this heart rate induces emotional stress in many athletes, “I just can’t train that slow!” is a common comment. But after a short time, not only you will feel better, but also your pace will quicken at that same training heart rate. The significant benefit of applying the 180 formula to your training is the chemical response by body. Production of free radicals is minimal compared to running at heart rates even a little higher. These chemicals can contribute to degenerative problems, inflammation, heart diseases, cancer and speeding the ageing process. By using the 180 formula, you can run more miles without risking chemical stress.

SELF ASSESSMENT
A significant benefic of aerobic base building is the ability to run faster at the same effort, that is, at the same aerobic heart rate. And an advantage of using a heart monitor is the ability to objectively measure these improvements using the maximum aerobic function (MAF) test.

Aerobic speed means you can run faster at the same aerobic heart rate. You perform the MAF test on a track with your monitor, running at your maximum aerobic heart rate. Three to five miles provides good data, although a one – mile test still has value. The test is done following an easy warm up.

Below is an actual example of a runner performing the MAF test at a heart rate of 150;

Mile 1 8:21
Mile 2 8:27
Mile 3 8:38
Mile 4 8:44
Mile 5 8:49
During any one of MAF test, it’s normal for your times to get slower; the first mile should always be the faster and the last the slowest. If that’s not the case, it usually means you have not warmed up enough.

In addition, the test should show faster times as the weeks pass. For example, over four months, we can see the endurance progress in this actual case:

April May June July
Mile 1 8:21 8:11 7:57 7:44
Mile 2 8:27 8:18 8:05 7:52
Mile 3 8:38 8:26 8:10 7:59
Mile 4 8:44 8:33 8:17 8:09
Mile 5 8:49 8:39 8:24 8:15

This improvement usually in only recognized during the aerobic base.

Another important aspect of the heart monitor and MAF test is that the test is predictive of performance. A direct relationship exists between your aerobic pace and your race effort. In other words, as your MAF test improves, so will your racing ability.

ComputerR.A.M vs Human R.A.M

COMPUTER R.A.M Vs HUMAN R.A.M

In less than two decades the desktop computer has revolutionized the workplace. Today it is commonplace to compare the human brain to a computer and the human mind to a programme running on the computer. If we take this view literally then just as we can ask how many Megabyte of RAM a pc has and how many mega bytes of memory the human brain has. Actually about 1020 bits of neural-impulses are conducted in the brain during a lifetime Estimates of number of each synapses have been made in the range from 1013 to 1015 with corresponding estimates of memory capacity. (Scheffer used the ‘bit’ as a unit of information. The more familiar “byte” of computer lingo is eight bits.)

The Guinness Book of World records claims that one man memorized 16,000 page of Buddhist canonical texts that’s only about 50 million bits of data A CD ROM contains a hundred-fold more information than that. How many of those bits and bytes can you bring into your conscious mind? Would you believe about 40 or 50 bits/sec. The eye sends 10 million bits of visual information to brain every sec, skin a million, ear & nose about 10,000 each taste bud about a 1000.

We know that computers can play chess and recognize faces. Dose that make them intelligent? How do computers perform these tasks differently from human? And could computers eventually have feelings about their role in our lives. They both operate electrically to process information. Neurons are input/output devices like transistors, but much more complex.

The amount of synapses in the brain would be analogous to the RAM and hard drive of a computer. And the nerve conduction speed and average evoked potential in the brain would be analogous to the processor speed of a computer thus. It make sense that as Nerve conduction speed and average evoked potential increases, so does 1Q. In a similar fasion as processor speed increases in a computer, the computer is said to be more intelligent. Second a large brain means more synapses, which means more information can be stored in the larger brain and also more brain “RAM”. This is similar to a computer, the greater the RAM and the greater the hared drive capacity, the more intelligent the computer is said to be.













IS THE COMPUTER THE PROBLEM?

Experts say there’s nothing inherently harmful about desktop computers what’s unhealthy is the way we use them.

Computer users must make a conscious effort to take micro breaks by stretching, glancing away from the screen, sipping water to getting up from the desk.

What is needed is proper, comfortable posture. Rearrange your chair, desk, computer monitor, keyboard and pointing device so that your feet are flat on the floor with your elbows, hip joints, and knees bent at right angles. Position the mouse so that your wrist stays on the same plane as your elbow and your shoulders are relaxed. Shift positions every 15 minute or so to avoid circulatory problems. Avoid bifocal eyeglasses, tilting your head back to read through them makes your neck sore, instead keep handy a pair of computer glasses whose lenses are made from your reading prescription.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common computer-related repetitive stress injury. Constant typing especially with the hands arched over the keyboard in a “praying mantis” position, forces tendons within the narrow tunnel formed by the wrist bones (carpals) and transverse ligaments to swell. This swelling squeezes the median nerve causing pain and numbness in the wrist and palm and tingling in the thumb and forefinger.

Reading from computer screens fosters near sightedness. Three-quarters of computer users experience what the Canadian Association of Optometrists calls computer vision syndrome (CVS), symptoms may include.

· Blurred and sometimes double vision.
· Watery, irritated, or dry eyes
· Sensitivity to light
· Aching eyelids or forehead
· Temporary nearsightedness, characterized by an inability to focus on distant objects after a prolonged computer session.

Improper room lighting is one cause of CVS. Minor, uncorrected eye defects can also contribute to the discomfort. Fortunately, proper eyeglasses, adjustments in the work environment and good work habits can prevent CVS.

AVOIDING EYESTRAIN:

· Place a computer screen directly in front of you with the top at about eye level, at right angles to windows.
· Blink frequently
· Every half hour look at something 6 meters (20 feet) away.

Rays of light

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